An art movement that emerged at the same time in the United Kingdom and the United States in the mid-twentieth century, as a reaction against Abstract Expressionism. The movement drew its inspiration from the aesthetics of comics and advertising, and functioned as a critique of consumerism and the capitalist society of its time. Its greatest exponents are Richard Hamilton (1922-2011) in England and Andy Warhol (1928-1987) in the United States.

a multidisciplinary movement coming from Germany in the early 20^th century, against the backdrop of political instability that heralded the outbreak of the First World War. It reflects the bitterness, pessimism and existential angst that pervaded German art and intellectual circles of the time. It was defined by a strong individuality and critical content. Emerging as a reaction against Impressionism, artists now favoured the expression of their feelings rather than an objective description of reality, which they deformed in order to better communicate with the beholder. In Germany, it developed around two groups of artists: Die Brücke (The Bridge) in Dresden, and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) in Munich.